Era III · 1492 to 1789
The early modern era
Between the 1490s and the eve of the French Revolution, armies with firearms fought alongside massed cavalry charges, from the Japanese arquebusiers at Nagashino to the Polish winged hussars at Kircholm and Vienna. The era runs from Diu, Flodden and Chaldiran, through Mohács, to the American War of Independence and the siege of Yorktown in 1781.
141 battles · 26 commanders
Image: The Battle of Lepanto, Juan Luna, 1887, Spanish Senate. Public domain.
Where the battles were fought
Every battle of the era with a story in the Field Dispatch. Tap a dot to read it.
Europe in close-up
Eastern North America in close-up
Not on the map: Battle of Flodden, Battle of Pavia, Battle of Cecora, Battle of Filipów, Battle of the Boyne, Battle of Pell's Point.
Basemap: Natural Earth, public domain. Modern coastlines.
The battles in order
- 1509Battle of Diu
Francisco de Almeida's Portuguese fleet destroys the Mamluk and Gujarati fleet at Diu, avenging his son's death at Chaul.
- 1513Battle of Flodden
Why James IV invaded England, how Surrey's bills beat the Scottish pikes below Branxton Hill, and how a king and his nobles fell.
- 1514Battle of Chaldiran
Selim I's cannon and janissaries crushed Shah Ismail's Qizilbash cavalry and set a frontier for centuries.
- 1514Battle of Orsha
On 8 September 1514 Konstanty Ostrogski's Polish-Lithuanian army defeated a larger Muscovite army at Orsha, a great victory of the Jagiellonian era.
- 1521Battle of Mactan
Lapulapu's warriors won at Mactan on 27 April 1521, routing 49 armored Europeans and killing Ferdinand Magellan. Why Magellan lost, the losses and a map.
- 1521Siege of Tenochtitlan
How Cortés, his Tlaxcalan allies, and a smallpox epidemic brought down Tenochtitlan in 1521, ending the Aztec Empire after a brutal months-long siege.
- 1522Battle of Bicocca
Unpaid Swiss pikemen stormed a sunken road and lost some 3,000 men in half an hour. Why it mattered.
- 1525Battle of Pavia
Charles V's Imperial and Spanish army crushed the French at Pavia on 24 February 1525 and captured Francis I. The night march, the arquebusiers, FAQ.
- 1526Battle of Mohács
The Ottomans won at Mohács on 29 August 1526, destroying Hungary's army in one afternoon. King Louis II died in the rout. Armies, map and the mass graves.
- 1526First Battle of Panipat
On 21 April 1526 Babur's outnumbered army used gunpowder and tactics to destroy Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat, founding the Mughal Empire in India.
- 1531Battle of Obertyn
On 22 August 1531 Jan Tarnowski's small Polish army, fighting from a wagon fort, beat Petru Rareș's larger Moldavian army at Obertyn and regained Pokuttya.
- 1532Battle of Cajamarca
Spain won at Cajamarca on 16 November 1532, when Pizarro's 168 men ambushed and captured the Inca emperor Atahualpa. The trap, the guns and the ransom.
- 1556Second Battle of Panipat
In 1556 at Panipat the army of the boy emperor Akbar met Hemu, who had just seized Delhi. One arrow decided the day and restored Mughal rule in India.
- 1565Battle of Talikota
Four Deccan sultanates won at Talikota on 23 January 1565, beheading the regent Rama Raya and sacking Vijayanagara, now Hampi. Why it lost, and the sack.
- 1568Battle of Heiligerlee
Louis of Nassau's rebels won at Heiligerlee on 23 May 1568, trapping royal troops in a bog. Aremberg and Adolf of Nassau died. Why it changed so little.
- 1569Battle of Jarnac
How the royal army surprised the Huguenots on the Charente, and why Condé was shot after he had surrendered.
- 1571Battle of Lepanto
The Holy League won at Lepanto on 7 October 1571, taking or sinking some 170 Ottoman galleys in the last great galley battle. Cervantes and the aftermath.
- 1575Battle of Nagashino
At Nagashino in 1575 Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu used massed matchlock gunners behind palisades to destroy the famed Takeda cavalry.
- 1576Battle of Haldighati
The Mughals under Man Singh held the field on 18 June 1576, but Maharana Pratap escaped and fought on for years.
- 1586Drake takes Santo Domingo
How Francis Drake took the capital of Spain's Caribbean by a night landing, held it for a month and burned it for ransom.
- 1592Battle of Hansan Island
In August 1592 Admiral Yi Sun-sin lured a Japanese squadron out of a narrow strait and destroyed it off Hansan Island in a crane-wing formation.
- 1595Battle of Cecora
Jan Zamoyski's army held a fortified camp on the Prut against the Crimean khan and won Moldavia a Polish-backed ruler.
- 1597Battle of Myeongnyang
In 1597 Admiral Yi Sun-sin, just released from prison, held the Myeongnyang strait with 13 ships against a far larger Japanese fleet. What happened?
- 1598Battle of Noryang
In December 1598 Joseon and Ming fleets under Yi Sun-sin and Chen Lin fought Japan's fleet in the Noryang strait. Yi fell, and the Imjin War ended.
- 1598Battle of the Yellow Ford
How Hugh O'Neill's army broke Henry Bagenal's march to the Blackwater fort, why the death tolls differ, and what came next.
- 1600Battle of Sekigahara
Tokugawa Ieyasu won Sekigahara on 21 October 1600 in a single day, after Kobayakawa Hideaki changed sides. A map, the numbers, the myths and the site now.
- 1601Battle of Kinsale
England won the Battle of Kinsale in the winter of 1601, scattering O'Neill and O'Donnell's army; the Spanish then surrendered. Why the Irish relief failed.
- 1602Siege of Dunboy
143 Irish defenders hold O'Sullivan Beare's castle against Carew's army until it lies in ruins and they are killed or hanged.
- 1605Battle of Kircholm
Chodkiewicz's 3,600 men, led by winged hussars, broke some 11,000 Swedes in three hours. With a map.
- 1610Battle of Klushino
At Klushino on 4 July 1610 about 6,700 Poles led by winged hussars broke a Russian and mercenary army of 15,000 to 35,000 and opened the road to Moscow.
- 1619Battle of Humenné
Polish Lisowczyk horsemen routed George Rákóczi near Humenné in November 1619 with a feigned flight, and Gabriel Bethlen lifted his siege of Vienna.
- 1619Battle of Sablat
Buquoy traps Mansfeld's Bohemian army and ends the siege of České Budějovice early in the Thirty Years' War.
- 1620Battle of White Mountain
The Emperor and the Catholic League routed the Bohemian estates at White Mountain, outside Prague, on 8 November 1620 in about two hours. What followed.
- 1621First Battle of Khotyn
At Khotyn in 1621 a Polish-Lithuanian and Cossack army held its camp for over a month against Sultan Osman II. Forces, losses and why it cost him his life.
- 1622Battle of Fleurus
Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick cut through a Spanish army to reach the Dutch, and Christian loses his arm.
- 1622Battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré
On 27 October 1622 La Rochelle's Huguenot fleet under Jean Guiton fought the royal fleet off the Île de Ré: fireships, losses and the peace that followed.
- 1622Battle of Wimpfen
The Catholic armies of Tilly and Córdoba won at Wimpfen on 6 May 1622 after a shot blew up the Protestant powder wagons. The rout, the flight and the dead.
- 1626Battle of Lutter
Tilly's Catholic League army routs Christian IV of Denmark and wrecks his war in northern Germany.
- 1627Battle of Oliwa
On 28 November 1627 the small Polish-Lithuanian fleet sailed out of Gdańsk, defeated a Swedish blockading squadron off Oliwa and took the Swedish flagship.
- 1629Battle of Trzciana
How Koniecpolski's hussars mauled the Swedish cavalry and King Gustavus Adolphus narrowly escaped capture. The full story.
- 1631Battle of Breitenfeld
Gustavus Adolphus and the Saxons beat Tilly near Leipzig, the first big Protestant win of the Thirty Years' War.
- 1632Battle of Lützen
The Swedes held the field at Lützen on 16 November 1632, but Gustavus Adolphus was killed in a cavalry melee. Who really won, and the grave of 47.
- 1636Battle of Wittstock
Banér's Swedish army, with Leslie's Scots and Germans, defeats the Imperial and Saxon army in a bold flanking battle.
- 1638Battle of Rheinfelden
Beaten at Rheinfelden on 28 February 1638, Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar came back three days later, routed the victors and captured Werth and Savelli.
- 1642Battle of Edgehill
Neither side won at Edgehill on 23 October 1642. Rupert's cavalry swept the field, then rode off to plunder. The battle with maps, the lost standard, FAQ.
- 1643Battle of Hopton Heath
Northampton's Royalist horse charges Gell's Parliamentarians outside Stafford, takes their guns and loses its commander.
- 1643Battle of Rocroi
France won the Battle of Rocroi on 19 May 1643, when the young Duc d'Enghien broke the Spanish tercios. The armies, the losses and the battle step by step.
- 1644Battle of Freiburg
Enghien and Turenne storm Mercy's Bavarian lines above Freiburg in one of the bloodiest fights of the Thirty Years' War.
- 1644Battle of Marston Moor
On 2 July 1644 Parliament and the Scots crushed Prince Rupert at Marston Moor near York: the armies, Cromwell's charge, the Whitecoats and the losses.
- 1644Battle of Okhmativ
Hetman Koniecpolski and Prince Jeremi Wiśniowiecki rout Tuhaj Bey's Tatar raid before it can plunder.
- 1644Second Battle of Newbury
Parliament, twice as strong, failed at Shaw House and the king escaped, which led to the New Model Army.
- 1645Battle of Naseby
On 14 June 1645 Fairfax and Cromwell's New Model Army destroyed Charles I's army at Naseby: Rupert's charge, the losses and the King's captured letters.
- 1648Battle of St Fagans
Horton's 3,000 men broke Laugharne's 8,000 rebels in two hours and took 3,000 prisoners. Where it happened.
- 1649Siege of Drogheda
In September 1649 Cromwell stormed Drogheda and refused quarter. What happened, how many died, and why historians still argue about the civilians.
- 1651Battle of Berestechko
The Tatars fled and the Cossack camp fell in the marshes. The armies, a map and the aftermath.
- 1651Battle of Worcester
Cromwell won at Worcester on 3 September 1651, destroying Charles II's army of Scots and Royalists. The bridges of boats and the escape in the oak.
- 1652Battle of Dungeness
How Maarten Tromp's Dutch fleet caught Robert Blake off the Kent coast and won control of the Channel.
- 1655Siege of Jasna Góra
A few hundred monks, soldiers and nobles under Prior Kordecki held Jasna Góra about forty days in 1655 until the besiegers left. History vs legend, FAQ.
- 1656Battle of Filipów
A Swedish and Brandenburg army caught Hetman Gosiewski's Lithuanian division two weeks after his victory at Prostki.
- 1656Battle of Warsaw
Charles X Gustav and the Great Elector beat John Casimir in three days of fighting, yet it changed little. See why.
- 1657Battle of Czarny Ostrów
Polish armies beat George II Rákóczi of Transylvania at Czarny Ostrów on 20 July 1657. He capitulated and left Poland, and the Tatars routed his army.
- 1658Siege of Kolding
Stefan Czarniecki's Polish cavalry, sent to help Denmark against Sweden, storm the Swedish-held castle at the third try.
- 1659Battle of Nyborg
Denmark and its allies won at Nyborg on 14 November 1659, and about 3,000 Swedes surrendered after a naval bombardment. Why it saved the kingdom.
- 1664Battle of Saint Gotthard
Montecuccoli's coalition of Imperial, German and French troops throws an Ottoman bridgehead back into the Rába.
- 1665Battle of Lowestoft
The Duke of York's fleet beat the Dutch after Obdam's flagship Eendracht blew up. The losses and the escape.
- 1670Battle of Sinhagad
Tanaji Malusare led a night climb on the Mughal fort near Pune and died in a duel with Udaybhan. Legend and sources.
- 1673Second Battle of Khotyn
On 11 November 1673 Jan Sobieski stormed the fortified Ottoman camp at Khotyn, destroying Hüseyin Pasha's army in a victory that helped make him king.
- 1676Battle of Stromboli
Duquesne's stronger French fleet could not break de Ruyter's Dutch line. The losses, and why both claimed it.
- 1683Siege of Vienna
Jan III Sobieski's Polish, Austrian and German army broke the Ottoman siege of Vienna on 12 September 1683 with a huge cavalry charge. A map and losses.
- 1689Battle of Killiecrankie
On 27 July 1689 Dundee's Highland Jacobites broke Mackay's government army at Killiecrankie in minutes: the plans of both sides, the charge, Dundee's death.
- 1690Battle of Beachy Head
Tourville's French fleet beats the Anglo-Dutch fleet off Sussex and briefly rules the Channel. The Dutch pay most.
- 1690Battle of Staffarda
Catinat's French army defeats Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy in Piedmont, and young Prince Eugene covers the retreat.
- 1690Battle of the Boyne
How William III beat James II on an Irish river, why it settled little yet changed much, and why it is marked on 12 July.
- 1691Battle of Aughrim
On 12 July 1691 Ginkel's Williamites broke St Ruth's Jacobite army in Co. Galway. Thousands died, and Limerick fell months later.
- 1691Battle of Slankamen
Louis of Baden defeats the Ottoman army on the Danube, and Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha is killed.
- 1694Battle of Hodów
In June 1694 a few hundred Polish horsemen barricaded themselves in Hodów and held off a far larger Tatar army: the stand called the Polish Thermopylae.
- 1697Battle of Zenta
Prince Eugene catches the Ottoman army astride the Tisza and destroys it, opening the way to the Peace of Karlowitz.
- 1700Battle of Narva
Charles XII, aged eighteen, attacked through a snowstorm and routed a Russian army about three times his size. Why Peter left.
- 1702Battle of Luzzara
Prince Eugene attacks Vendôme's larger Franco-Spanish army on the Po; both sides claim victory in a bloody draw.
- 1704Battle of Blenheim
Marlborough and Prince Eugene destroy a Franco-Bavarian army on the Danube and knock Bavaria out of the war.
- 1704Battle of Málaga
The Anglo-Dutch and French fleets fought for eleven hours and neither lost a ship. Why the allies kept Gibraltar.
- 1704Battle of the Schellenberg
Marlborough and Louis of Baden storm the hill above Donauwörth at dusk and open the road into Bavaria.
- 1707Battle of Almansa
Berwick's Franco-Spanish army of about 25,000 crushed Galway's allies at Almansa on 25 April 1707. The battle, the surrender at Caudete, what it decided.
- 1708Battle of Lesnaya
On 9 October 1708 Peter the Great caught Lewenhaupt's Swedish corps and its supply train at Lesnaya, the battle Peter called the mother of Poltava.
- 1709Battle of Poltava
How Peter the Great crushed Charles XII at Poltava in 1709, ending Sweden as a great power and announcing Russia's rise in the Great Northern War.
- 1710Battle of Saragossa
Starhemberg and Stanhope rout Philip V's army on Monte Torrero, and Archduke Charles enters Zaragoza the next day.
- 1713Skirmish at Bender
After years as the Sultan's guest, Charles XII of Sweden fought off Ottoman troops in his own house until it was set on fire.
- 1714Battle of Napue
Russia won at Napue on 2 March 1714, outflanking Armfelt's mostly Finnish army in the snow and breaking it in under two hours. Losses and the Great Wrath.
- 1716Battle of Petrovaradin
Prince Eugene routs the Ottoman army camped before the Danube fortress, and Grand Vizier Ali Pasha is killed.
- 1741Battle of Mollwitz
Austrian horse sweeps away the Prussian right and Frederick II leaves the field, but Schwerin's infantry wins the day.
- 1743Battle of Dettingen
The Pragmatic Army won at Dettingen on 27 June 1743, driving the French back over the Main, with George II leading on foot. How the trap failed.
- 1745Battle of Kesselsdorf
Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau, aged 69, stormed the Saxon lines near Dresden. Ten days later peace followed.
- 1745Battle of Prestonpans
On 21 September 1745 Bonnie Prince Charlie's Highlanders routed Sir John Cope's government army in about fifteen minutes at Prestonpans.
- 1746Battle of Culloden
On 16 April 1746 the Duke of Cumberland's army crushed Bonnie Prince Charlie's Jacobites at Culloden, the last pitched battle fought on British soil.
- 1746Battle of Rocoux
Marshal Saxe's French army storms the villages outside Liège and drives the Pragmatic Army back across the Meuse.
- 1747First Battle of Cape Finisterre
Anson's 14 ships of the line run down La Jonquière's escort and take every French warship that stood to fight.
- 1747Second Battle of Cape Finisterre
On 25 October 1747 (14 October, Old Style) Hawke's fleet took six of eight French warships guarding a convoy off Cape Finisterre. What happened.
- 1754Jumonville Glen
The first action of the French and Indian War.
- 1756Battle of Lobositz
Frederick the Great attacks Browne's Austrians on the Elbe, takes the town but loses his cavalry and his campaign.
- 1756Battle of Minorca
Admiral Byng fails to relieve Fort St. Philip, sails for Gibraltar, and is shot on his own quarterdeck a year later.
- 1757Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf
In East Prussia, Apraksin's Russian army beats Lehwaldt's Prussians, then fails to follow up its victory.
- 1757Battle of Kolín
Daun's Austrians beat Frederick the Great in Bohemia and force him to lift the siege of Prague.
- 1757Battle of Leuthen
How Frederick the Great's 33,000 Prussians feinted, marched unseen and broke an Austrian army twice their size.
- 1757Battle of Plassey
Robert Clive's East India Company beat the Nawab of Bengal at Plassey on 23 June 1757, outnumbered over ten to one, after Mir Jafar held back. With a map.
- 1757Battle of Prague
Frederick II storms the Austrian lines east of the city, loses Field Marshal Schwerin and more than 12,000 men, and wins the day.
- 1757Battle of Rossbach
How Frederick the Great's 22,000 Prussians routed a French and Imperial army twice their size in an afternoon.
- 1758Battle of Carillon
Montcalm's 3,600 French behind a log wall at Ticonderoga throw back Abercromby's army of about 15,000.
- 1758Battle of Domstadtl
Loudon ambushed a Prussian convoy of about 4,000 wagons and only 250 got through. Frederick lifted the siege.
- 1758Battle of Hochkirch
On 14 October 1758 Daun's Austrians crept up on Frederick the Great's camp at Hochkirch and struck at 5 a.m.: the night march, Keith's death, the numbers.
- 1758Battle of Zorndorf
On 25 August 1758 Frederick the Great's Prussians and Fermor's Russians fought to exhaustion near Küstrin, and both claimed victory.
- 1759Battle of Kunersdorf
Saltykov's Russians and Laudon's Austrians shattered Frederick the Great's army. Armies, losses, and why Berlin was spared.
- 1759Battle of Maxen
Daun trapped Finck's corps south of Dresden, and on 21 November it gave up with nine generals. The order that sent it there.
- 1759Battle of the Plains of Abraham (Battle of Quebec)
Wolfe's redcoats climbed the cliffs by night, Montcalm attacked at once and both generals died. How New France fell.
- 1760Battle of Landeshut
Loudon stormed the Prussian hill forts and took Fouqué with over 8,000 men. Only about 1,500 got away.
- 1760Battle of Liegnitz
Three Austrian armies closed in on Frederick the Great in Silesia. He slipped away by night and beat Laudon at dawn on 15 August.
- 1760Battle of Torgau
On 3 November 1760 Frederick the Great attacked Daun's Austrians in Saxony, lost thousands of men to their guns and won only after dark.
- 1760Battle of Warburg
A flank march in the fog and Lord Granby's British cavalry drive the Chevalier de Muy's French corps over the Diemel.
- 1761Third Battle of Panipat
Ahmad Shah Durrani's Afghan-led coalition crushed the Marathas at Panipat on 14 January 1761, with 60,000 to 70,000 dead. Why it decided India.
- 1762Battle of Freiberg
On 29 October 1762 Prince Henry of Prussia beat the Austro-Imperial army near Freiberg in Saxony, called the last battle of the Seven Years' War.
- 1764Battle of Buxar
About 7,000 men under Hector Munro beat the Mughal emperor and two nawabs. Buxar vs Plassey.
- 1775Battle of Bunker Hill
At Bunker Hill in 1775 American militia twice shattered the advancing British before losing the ground, proving the colonists could stand and fight.
- 1775Lexington and Concord
British regulars marched on Concord and were driven back to Boston, losing 273 men to 95. Who fired first? Map, FAQ.
- 1776Battle of Long Island
On 27 August 1776 the British beat Washington at Long Island, the largest battle of the Revolution, but a night evacuation saved the American army.
- 1776Battle of Pell's Point
John Glover's 750 Massachusetts men fought Howe's landing from wall to wall and bought Washington time to escape.
- 1776Battle of Trenton
On 26 December 1776 Washington crossed the icy Delaware and surprised the Hessians at Trenton, a small victory that revived the American Revolution.
- 1776Battle of White Plains
The fight for Chatterton's Hill, who won, the losses on both sides, why it mattered, and what to see today.
- 1776Fall of Fort Washington
Why Greene held it, how Hessians and British stormed it, Margaret Corbin and 2,800 prisoners.
- 1777Battle of Bound Brook
Three British and Hessian columns from New Brunswick surprise Benjamin Lincoln's outpost on the Raritan River.
- 1777Battle of Brandywine
On 11 September 1777 Howe outflanked Washington at Brandywine Creek, the largest single-day battle of the Revolution, opening the road to Philadelphia.
- 1777Battle of Germantown
On 4 October 1777 Washington's bold four-column attack on the British at Germantown failed in the fog, but even in defeat its daring impressed France.
- 1777Battle of Princeton
On 3 January 1777 Washington slipped away from Trenton by night and beat the British at Princeton, ending the Ten Crucial Days that saved the Revolution.
- 1777Battle of Saratoga
How the American victory at Saratoga in 1777 broke a British invasion and convinced France to enter the Revolutionary War.
- 1778Battle of Monmouth
Washington rallied Lee's retreat and held the field, and Clinton marched on to New York. The heat and a map.
- 1778Battle of Wyoming
Loyalist rangers and Iroquois warriors under John Butler destroy the Patriot militia of Pennsylvania's Wyoming Valley.
- 1779Siege of Savannah
The French and American assault on the Spring Hill redoubt on 9 October failed within an hour. Pulaski was mortally wounded.
- 1780Battle of Camden
On 16 August 1780 Cornwallis routed Gates's army in South Carolina: the night march, the militia rout, de Kalb's death, losses.
- 1780Battle of Kings Mountain
On 7 October 1780 Patriot frontier militia destroyed Patrick Ferguson's Loyalists at Kings Mountain, a turning point of the Revolution in the South.
- 1781Battle of Cowpens
On 17 January 1781 Daniel Morgan destroyed Banastre Tarleton's force at Cowpens with a brilliant double envelopment, a turning point in the American South.
- 1781Battle of Guilford Courthouse
Britain held the field at Guilford Courthouse on 15 March 1781, but Cornwallis lost about a quarter of his army. Why it led to Yorktown, and Greene's plan.
- 1781Battle of the Chesapeake
On 5 September 1781 de Grasse's fleet fought Graves's British fleet off the Virginia capes. No ship was taken, but France kept the bay and trapped Cornwallis.
- 1781Siege of Yorktown
The Americans and French won at Yorktown: Washington, Rochambeau and de Grasse's fleet trapped Cornwallis, who surrendered on 19 October 1781. With a map.
Wars and nations
Wars of this era
Each war told in full: its causes, its course and all its battles in the Field Dispatch.
- Ottoman wars in Europe 1354 to 1913
- Italian Wars 1494 to 1559
- Imjin War 1592 to 1598
- Polish-Swedish War of 1600 to 1629 1600 to 1629
- Thirty Years' War 1618 to 1648
- Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1639 to 1653
- First English Civil War 1642 to 1646
- Second Northern War 1655 to 1660
- The Deluge (Swedish invasion of the Commonwealth) 1655 to 1660
- Great Turkish War 1683 to 1699
- Nine Years' War 1688 to 1697
- Great Northern War 1700 to 1721
- War of the Spanish Succession 1701 to 1714
- War of the Austrian Succession 1740 to 1748
- Seven Years' War 1756 to 1763
- Third Silesian War 1756 to 1763
- American Revolutionary War 1775 to 1783
- New York and New Jersey campaign 1776 to 1777
Nations
Countries and peoples that fought the battles of this era, by number of battles. Each page tells that country's military history across every era.
Commanders of the era
- Selim I the Grim
- Suleiman the Magnificent
- Jan Tarnowski
- Stefan Batory
- Jan Zamoyski
- Takeda Shingen
- Oda Nobunaga
- Toyotomi Hideyoshi
- Tokugawa Ieyasu
- Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
- Stanisław Żółkiewski
- Stanisław Koniecpolski
- Turenne
- Stefan Czarniecki
- Jan III Sobieski
- George Washington
- Nathanael Greene
- Daniel Morgan
- Francis Marion
- Benedict Arnold
- John Paul Jones
- Casimir Pulaski
- Baron von Steuben
- Marquis de Lafayette
- Tadeusz Kosciuszko
- Francis Drake
Guides and lists
- The Greatest Battles of the Early Modern Age
- The Greatest Battles of the Ottoman Empire
- The Greatest Commanders of the Ottoman Empire
- The Greatest Commanders of Feudal Japan
- The Wars of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
- The Winged Hussars' Greatest Battles, from Orsha to Vienna
- The Greatest Battles of the American Revolution
- The Croatian-Ottoman wars
Test yourself
This era in the app
Echoes of Battle tells the battles of this era on the real map, with a quiz, and many of them as story scenes. The app is in closed testing: enlist below and we will send word to your inbox the day it launches.