The Greatest Battles of the Early Modern Age

History · 6 battles · ~5 min read · Updated Aug 2026

The Greatest Battles of the Early Modern Age, a historic battle painting

Gunpowder, galleys and disciplined infantry changed war forever. These battles of the early modern age turned back empires at sea and on land, and decided who would rule.

Tenochtitlan, 1521. The ninety-three-day siege that toppled an empire.

Lepanto, 1571. The last great galley battle.

Sekigahara, 1600. The battle that made a shogun.

Rocroi, 1643. The fall of the invincible Spanish tercios.

Vienna, 1683. The charge that turned back the Ottomans.

Poltava, 1709. Peter the Great breaks the Swedish empire.

See these battles set beside every other era in Battles That Changed the World.

Frequently asked questions

What defined warfare in the early modern age?

According to this guide, gunpowder, galleys and disciplined infantry changed war forever in the early modern age. Its battles turned back empires at sea and on land and decided who would rule.

Which early modern battles does the guide consider the most decisive?

The guide highlights Lepanto in 1571, the last great galley battle, Sekigahara in 1600, the battle that made a shogun, and Vienna in 1683, the charge that turned back the Ottomans. Together they show the early modern age deciding power on sea and on land.

Why does the guide call Lepanto a turning point of the era?

The guide describes Lepanto in 1571 as the last great galley battle, marking the close of the age of oar-driven fleets in the early modern period. It stands beside Vienna in 1683, where a charge turned back the Ottomans on land.

Which battles does the early modern guide cover?

This guide to the greatest battles of the early modern age covers Tenochtitlan in 1521, Lepanto in 1571, Sekigahara in 1600, Rocroi in 1643, Vienna in 1683 and Poltava in 1709, six battles that turned back empires at sea and on land.

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